Why Developing Countries Have Failed to Increase Their Exports of Agricultural Processed Products

The article uses the case study of coffee, tea and cocoa to analyse whether tariff escalation constitutes a barrier to market access that thwarts diversification efforts of developing countries into exports of value‐added agricultural processed products. It also examines the extent to which non‐tariff barriers act as market access barriers that constrain developing countries from developing their exports of agricultural processed products. Our analysis shows that tariff escalation is not the main barrier; rather it is the prevalence of non‐tariff barriers (including domestic non‐tariff barriers) that limits the ability of developing countries to increase their agricultural processed exports. This has important policy implications in terms of the emphasis that trade negotiators and policy planners should place on addressing non‐tariff barriers.     

“红与黑”:论精神旅游产品的开发向度

红色旅游作为我国精神旅游的主导产品,其主题大多为爱国主义和革命传统教育,存在着主题概念僵化、客源以公费旅游群体为主等问题；而黑色旅游主题则以爱与和平为主,呈现负面事件“正面宣传化”、多元化深度开发不足等问题.鉴于此,文章提出创新我国精神旅游主题的思路,即从阐释美、正义、人性、自由和理性等多维视角重构旅游产品,更好地发挥其对国民的伦理教化作用.     

Tea heritage tourism: evidence from Sri Lanka

Within the context of heritage tourism this article examines the supply components for the tea-related tourism in the tea-producing country of Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon. The tourism context in Sri Lanka is assessed and despite impediments to tourism development some evidence is provided of an early stage of development of tea heritage tourism in the country. The benefits of this form of tourism to the Sri Lankan tea economy are explored and barriers and threats to its development are reviewed. This is mainly based on qualitative field studies of tea accommodations, tea factory access and tea centre operations in the tea-producing hill country of Sri Lanka. From this investigation of the tea-related tourism in Sri Lanka, themes for further research on the demand for this type of tourism are identified.     

DC的黑白摄影技巧

因特网上的图像文件的传播使得使用数码相机的数字化摄影得到广泛应用,在众多图像文件中,黑白图像对抽象的美有极强的表现力。本文从数码相机的特点入手,着重阐述了使用数码相机进行黑白摄影的技法,并提出了相关建议。     

符合当代人生活方式的茶具价值指标深析

中国茶叶品类繁盛,且在品饮中,特别讲究色、香、味、形,因此需要一系列能充分发挥各类茶叶特质的器具,这就使得中国的茶具异彩纷呈。无论是造型的优美,质地的精良,都有它的独到之处。中国茶具构成了中国茶文化不可分割的重要组成部分。     

How broad-based is broad-based black economic empowerment?

Common perceptions about broad-based black economic empowerment (BBBEE) have been that it is nothing more than a tool for the already affluent to access further wealth and has limited potential to address the economic exclusion of the most marginalised. An analysis was conducted of data on black economic empowerment (BEE) deals between 2004 and 2009. The findings demonstrate that although the elite continue to benefit from deals, broad-based beneficiaries, particularly employees and women, are also beginning to benefit to some extent. This suggests that empowerment policies have some potential to promote private sector involvement in addressing the state's social transformation agenda. However, a closer analysis of the BEE transactions shows that the BEE landscape is far more complex and nuanced than commonly thought. Further research is necessary to understand the real impacts of BEE on the ground.     

民族山地特色经济研究——以芭蕉侗族乡茶叶经济为例

湖北民族地区主要以山地地形为主,但又各具特色.本文在调查芭蕉侗族乡具有茶叶特色的山地经济的基础上,运用泰尔系数对其进行较为详尽的分析,并寻求原因,进而初步建构了适合芭蕉侗族乡的山地经济开发系统.     

基于解释结构模型的茶叶品牌发展策略——以陕西汉中茶产业为例

以解释结构模型为工具,结合具体案例,总结了影响茶叶品牌发展的因素,如企业经营模式、市场信息、企业广告促销、政府的宣传引导、目标市场和市场定位、旅游资源开发、茶叶品质、地区性标准、茶叶物流体系、农业种植规范性、茶叶加工技术、良种推广等。分析了其相互影响关系,建立茶叶品牌发展的解释结构模型。并以此为基础,探索了改变茶叶企业的经营模式、健全现代物流体系、建立有效的市场信息平台和信息系统、建立地区性标准、建设政府平台等茶叶品牌发展的策略性问题。     

农业信息化的系统分层和协同整合——以杭州龙井茶为例

现有的农业信息化系统构架是围绕"产-供-销"的供应链模式为主体,相对忽视农业产业化发展的规模化特点以及农业金融化的特征.较为全面解读农业信息化的视角应该立足农业生产的时间和空间特征,贯穿生产加工全过程,体现"服务-生产-服务"的新哑铃型系统分层结构.通过构建不同环节的系统接口,有效对分属不同领域和产业的信息化环节进行有效整合,真正发挥农业生产型服务业的整合效应.本文以杭州龙井茶为例,对上述理论进行了分析.     

福建茶叶企业融资优先序及其影响因素分析

在理论分析茶叶企业融资优先序及其影响因素的基础上,通过福建茶叶企业的实地调研,运用ordered logistic针对茶叶企业的融资选择行为进行实证分析,结果发现,企业的经营年限、企业的注册资本、企业主的受教育程度、企业主的管理年限、茶叶企业的利润以及企业融资的外部环境对企业的融资顺序选择有着显著的影响,并得出茶叶企业融资的优先序,进而提出改变产品的销售渠道、提高企业主的受教育程度等政策建议。